With the implementation of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) sulphur limit policy for marine fuel in 2020, residual marine fuel desulfurization technology has brought widespread attention. The heavy oil is the main component of residual marine fuel, and desulfurization technologies of heavy oil could be categorized as two types: hydrogenation and non⁃hydrogenation technologies. Hydrogenation technologies include fixed bed, ebullating bed, suspended bed, and moving bed, et al. Non⁃hydrogenation technologies include alkali metal compound treatment, selective oxidation⁃extraction/thermolysis/process intensification, electrochemical, biodesulfurization, and sodium, et al. Among these hydro⁃desulfurization technologies, fixed bed hydro⁃treating is more proper in producing residual marine fuel with the sulfur content lower than 0.5% at present. Meanwhile, to produce residual marine fuel with sulfur content lower than 0.1%, it needs to choose the low sulfur containing raw materials and/or blend oils. For non⁃hydrogenation desulfurization technologies, selective oxidation⁃ultrasound and sodium technologies can directly produce heavy fuel oil with sulfur content lower than 0.1%, while sodium desulfurization technology shows a better application prospect.

In this paper, Changqing crude oil was emulsified under pressure in different dissolved gas environments (CO2, CH4, N2) by using crude oil emulsifier with pressure dissolved gas. The solubility (Rs) , water separation rate (fv), interfacial tension (γ), interfacial modulus of elasticity (εd), viscosity of dissolved gas crude oil (μ) and apparent viscosity of dissolved gas crude oil emulsion (μap) were measured by means of solubility measurement device, emulsion stability analysis device, interfacial tension tester and high pressure rheometer. The results show that the presence of oil⁃water interfacial film inhibits the migration of gas from the outer phase to the inner phase to a certain extent, so that the solubility of the dissolved gas oil emulsion is less than the solubility of the internal and external phases. Under the environment of dissolved CO2, because of the minimum interfacial tension between oil and water, the best emulsification effect is obtained, and the W/O emulsion droplets with pressure are the most compact. Under the environment of dissolved CO2, because of its minimum interfacial tension between oil and water, the smallest droplets are formed in W/O emulsion and the emulsifying effect is the best. At the same time, due to the elastic modulus of oil⁃water interface is the largest, the emulsion system is the most stable, and the viscosity ratio of emulsion system is the most obvious than that of crude oil system. In contrast, in the environment of N2 dissolution, the stability of the emulsion system is poor, and it is easy to demulsify.

The acoustic emission(AE) technique was used to measure the AE signals of gas⁃liquid slug flow in horizontal pipes with non⁃intrusive and real⁃time monitoring features. Parameters of AE signals were calculated by setting window time and Critical Time of Elongated Bubble(CTEB). The characteristics of AE signal of slug unit were analyzed simultaneously. Based on the time delay of the same liquid slug arriving at two AE sensors, the AE method was used for detecting the translational velocity of liquid slug. Also, the measurement result of AE method was compared with the parallel conductivity method and Nicklin correlation. It is found that the AE signal of slug flow is very clear. The signals of liquid slug head, liquid slug body and elongated bubble decrease gradually and the signals of elongated bubble are below the threshold. The absolute energy and count of liquid slug increase with the superficial liquid and gas velocity respectively. AE technique could be used to monitor the frequency and translational velocity of liquid slug and it is a valuable method for application in the oil and gas field.

Based on the previous research, this paper establishes the relationship between the dewatering transformation of the clay minerals and the diagenetic stages and the formation of pore fractures. The influence of temperature, time, pressure, pore fluid properties and thermal evolution of organic matter on the transformation of clay minerals is summarized. By comparing the paleogeotemperature in the transformation of various clay minerals and change of fluid properties, the diagenesis evolution of shale is divided into three stages, and the difference of main diagenetic reaction in each stage leads to the variance of mineral assemblage.The adsorption capacity of methane is closely related to the transformation of clay minerals in shale diagenesis.The experimental results show that the order is smectite>illite/smectite mixedlayer>kaolinite>chlorite>illite. Illitization of smectite and chloritization of smectite are important diagenetic reactions, and the study and establishment of their genetic mechanism model have a certain reference significance for the study of shale reservoir.

In order to analyze the movement rules of bypass pig and the characteristics of piggenerated slug dissipation, a dynamic bypass pigging simulation for a real deepwater gas field was conducted. The movement characteristics of pig velocity and the piggenerated slug dissipation were analyzed through changing the pressure drop coefficient and bypass fraction. The study shows that the pig velocity turns out to be powerlaw distribution with the change of pressure drop coefficients, and within the sensitive range, a small change of the pressure drop coefficient will lead to a huge fluctuation of the pig velocity. The average pig velocity has the tendency of linear reduction with the rise of bypass fraction, the change of which helps to control the pig velocity. By taking advantage of bypass gases to carry and sweep the liquid loading in front of the pig，the running resistance can be reduced, thus the stick phenomena of the pig at the bottom of the riser is avoided. The existence of bypass fraction makes the piggenerated slug dissipate along the pigging period. With the increase of the bypass fraction, the hold up of liquid in the slug is reduced, and the liquid film zone is prolonged, thus making the piggenerated slug volume decrease remarkably. For the optimization of the bypass fraction, an overall consideration should be given to the reasonable scope of pig velocity variations and the piggenerated slug volume, making sure it's within the processing capacity of a slug catcher.

For exploring the influence of POE（Poly Olefin Elastomer）on the aging properties of SBS modified asphalt, the index of rheological analysis, fluorescence microscope analysis, as well as the infrared spectroscopy measurement of the SBS modified asphalt, POE/SBS modified asphalt, and its residue after shortterm and longterm aging performance testing were investigate. The results indicated that POE can be compatibilized with the SBS modified asphalt due to its good molecular mobility. In this way, the SBS can be dispersed more homogeneously and be swollen more effectively, through which the aging process is reduced in this compatibility system.

 

Since polymeric microspheres have the ability of indepth profile control, nanopolymeric microspheres and coreshell macadam microspheres were chosen as the materials in the experiments. The slug injection, the order and ratio of the two different polymeric microspheres, and the ways of injection were systematically optimized. The experiment results show that compared with the highconcentration with shortslug and the lowconcentration with longslug, the midconcentration with midslug combined the above advantages, which can obtain a relatively more steady oil recovery ratio during a proper time. Utilization efficiency can be improved by injecting the coreshell macadam microspheres before injecting nanopolymeric microspheres during indepth profile control, and the best ratio is 1∶1 under the experiment conditions. The microspheres can be distributed more widely in the floor using interval injection, which is favorable for continued growth of oil recovery continually .

The formation pollution caused by drilling,fracturing and other reasons during the process of oil field development, also the fomation fouling,waxing, which make the fomation block. Vibration caused by vibrational wave is an innocuous method to remove the fomation block. Through four wells experimental data show that the effect of Vibration Recovery Device is excellent, yet there is still room for improvement. The capability of the product in safety,environmental performance,process performance and economy is superior.Therefore it is worth popularizing and application.

CaO/ZnAlO solid base catalyst was prepared using coprecipitation, impregnation and calcination method. Effects of preparation conditions on the catalytic activity of CaO/ZnAlO solid base in oil alcoholysis were investigated through orthogonal experiments. Optimized conditions obtained were as follows: the first calcination time of 0 h, the second calcination temperature of 750 ℃, the second calcination time of 3 h. When the reaction was carried out at 70 ℃ for 4 h with alcohol/oil molar ratio of 9,catalyst/oil mass ratio of 004, stirring speed of 400 r/min, rapeseed oil conversion arrived at 96.3% in the presence of the CaO/ZnAlO catalyst prepared at optimal conditions. The catalyst and its precursor were characterized using TGDTA, BET, XRD, SEM and Hammett indicator method. Relationship between the structure and the surface properties of the catalyst and its activity was discussed. 

For safe problems of narrow density window drilling, fine controlled pressure drilling system (MPD) was developed by western drilling. The MPD system pressure control principle was analyzed, the structure and key technology of MPD system were described, and the MPD system was tested in Xinjiang oilfield. The results show that the system can realtime monitor the drilling condition and can keep the bottom hole pressure smoothly in different working conditions which met the security complex formation drilling narrow density window needs.

A novel supported palladium catalyst was prepared through solgel method using silica bead grafted with double(3(triethoxy silicon) propyl)disulfide as the supporting matrix， following excessive impregnation. And the catalytic activity，conversion and selectivity were investigated. FTIR, UVVis DRS，TG and BET had been used to characterize the structure of catalyst. The results indicated that catalysts had excellent catalytic performance for hydrogenation of acetylene to prepar vinyl. When the palladium capacity was 0.6% and the reaction temperature was 140 ℃, the conversion rate reached 100% and the selectivity was over 90%. FTIR results showed that the synthesis of SiO2 carrier contained ligand. BET results showed that after adding ligand, specific surface area of catalyst increased obviously. TG results showed that decomposition temperature of the ligand modified supported Pd catalyst was 378 ℃, so the reaction temperature was lower than this. UVVis DRS results showed that ligands interacted with Pd produced.

Solvent refining on the second vacuum dewaxed distillate refined from the mixed oil of Daqing and Weizhou using furfural was investigated. Calibration on theoretical plate number in the extraction column, multistage static extraction and pilot plant experiment were carried out in turns. The results show that theoretical plate number in the column is two. Viscosity index of refined oil is 100 under both simulatetwostage extractions when the value of volume ratio of solvent to oil (S/O) was 5.47∶1 and simulatefourstage extractions when the S/O was 3.2∶1, and the yield of refined oil is 64.07% and 66.01% respectively. Besides, viscosity index of the refined oil is 101 in the pilot plant with four theoretical plates when the S/O was 327∶1, and the yield of refined oil is 70.5%. The lubricating base oil meets the quality specification of HVI150SN.

Solutionpolymerized styrenebutadiene rubber (SSBR) was mainly used in tire, such as tread, carcass and sidewall, because of its excellent abrasion resistance and low temperature performance. But compatibility between SSBR with SiO2 is poor due to its nonpolar . In order to improve compatibility between SSBR with SiO2, series of modified SSBR were prepared by grafting with maleic anhydride (MAH) as graft monomer. The properties of composites composed by SSBR and SiO2 were studied and influence of grafting yield of SSBRgMAH was also investigated. The results showed that the contact angle of SSBRgMAH was decreased, the Mooney viscosity was increased after grafted with MAH and the mechanical properties of rubber was improved when curing time was extended. Dynamic mechanical testing showed that wet skid resistance of vulcanizates was improved and rolling resistance reduced, which will be an ideal material for tire tread.

Proppant hydrophobic surface treatment can make proppant reduce oil field produced water while support fracture, control sand. The hydrophobic surface treatment method in terms of both ordinary hydrophobic and superhydrophobic was summed up. The ordinary hydrophobic surface preparation method is divided into three aspects of surface active agent, organic silicon material, fluorinecontaining material; the superhydrophobic surface preparation method is divided into the solgel method, electrospinning method, template method, layers of selfassembly and etching method. Those preparation methods was compared, combined with the situation that water suppression proppant was applied to the field, proposed the hydrophobic surface preparation method was applied to the proppant. Using surfactant hydrophobic modification experiments on quartz surface, the effect of the cationic surfactant CTAB is best, contact angle on the surface of the quartz from 13.7° increases to 73.2°, the Surface tension is 48.88 mN/m, the adsorption capacity of 0.292 mg/g. Finally, it is conceived that hydrophobic surface modification methods was applied to other oilfield areas.

In order to acquire good viscosity prediction model to satisfy and control processes in petroleum and chemical industry, existing models were evaluated by absolute relative error at various viscosity ratios. Eight models were selected to be evaluated in this way. Each model’s prediction characteristics and accuracy were compared and recommendation was made according to different viscosity ratio. The result shows that Arrhenius, Bingham, Kendall model have a bad performance when applied to predict blend viscosity which is not recommended to use. Chevron model is recommended to use when viscosity ratio between 1 and 103. Cragoe model is better than others when viscosity ratio between 103 and 105. Whereas, no model has good prediction performance when viscosity ratio between 105 and 106. Thus, a new model is urgently needed to be developed.

Environmental plasticizer di(2ethylhexyl) 1,2cyclohexane dicarboxylate was synthesized through esterification reaction of 1,2cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CHDA) with isooctanol using concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst. Effects of reaction time, ratio of alcohol to acid and temperature on esterification rate were investigated. Under optimal reaction conditions: 6 h, 170 ℃, n(alcohol)/n(acid) = 2.5∶1, esterification rate and yield mount to 99.5% and 95%, respectively. The product was colorless transparent oily liquid. In the 1HNMR spectra, the multiplet for the —COOCH2 appeared at δ＝40. IR spectra exhibited υ(C[CDS1]O) band at 1 735 cm-1. The results demonstrate the target product was synthesized. TG curve shows that initial temperature was 215 ℃. Also, a method for qualitative analysis was established, the retention time of the product were 14310 min and 14.505 min, which can separate from DOP effectively. 

The quaternized chitosan (QCS) was synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction under the conditions was that the chitosan was material and the 2, 3epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was etherifying agents. Dutch positive electricity glomerular polystyrene (PS) microemulsion was synthesized through the emulsion polymerization method and the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was cationic quaternary ammonium salt and the potassium persulfate was initiator. Then the anion exchange membrane was synthesized by take the QCS as material and glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent, at the same time the PS microemulsion was doping into the casting solution. The standard membrane structure was characterized by FTIR. The content of PS microspheres and glutaraldehyde influence on QCS/PS membrane’s water content and ionexchange capacity, etc properties. The results show that the crosslinking agent can effectively inhibit the QCS membrane’s deformation. When the quality percentage of PS microsphere was 35%, swelling ratio was reduced from 68.5% to 25.8% with the increase of crosslinking degree. But at the same time it reduce the QCS/PS membrane’s ionexchange capacity. And PS microspheres will be improved QCS/PS membrane ionexchange capacity, swelling ratio also will be reduced slightly. The water content is 65% and ionexchange capacity is 4.89 mmol/g when the crosslinking degree was 5% and the quality percentage of PS microsphere was 35%. QCS/PS membrane’s overall performance can be optimized.

Solvent refining of VGO No.5 using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) and furfural separately were studied. Based on the optimum operation conditions of NMP and furfural refining, simulating three stages about NMP and furfural extracting VGO No.5 and dewaxing the refined oil were carried out. The properties of refined oil and dewaxed oil were analyzed. The qualities of refined oil from single stage refining using NMP and furfural were closed to. The dewaxed oil of two can satisfy the indication of quality. For NMP refining, compared with furfural refining, the solvent to oil ratio dropped down 50% and the yield increased 7%. For simulating three stages refining using NMP, as compared to furfural, the solvent to oil ratio dropped down 50% and the yield increased 4%. The qualities of refined oils are closed to and better than these of single stage refining oils. The study show that NMP refining had a better result than furfural refining.

The foaming behavior and its influence of an anionic sulphonate foaming agent(FA220) were researched.It was found that both of the foaming volume and half-time of foam reach the highest point when the concentration of foaming agent is 0.6%;FA220 has a good ability of resistance to Mg²⁺ ,NaCl and Ca²⁺ bring some neglect impact on the stability of foam and very little impact on the foaming volume; the addition of polymer improves the foam system stability and decreases the foaming volume,the foaming volume and half-time of foam make better result when the concentration of polymer was between 0.3~0.8g/L;oil has obvious defoaming effect,the defoaming effect become stronger with the increase of oil saturation.

The study of complex de-nitride in lubricant by furfural and additives was researched for a second-tier base oil in Fushun No.1oil plant, according to single factor experiments, influences on removal rate of the basic nitrogen by temperature and oil/solvent ratio were obtained, finding a more suitable metal additive dosage of 0.50~1.33(mol zinc bromide/mol quinoline).Then through orthogonal test determining the effects on the complex extraction(removal rate of basic nitrogen), the most influential factor is the metal additive dosage, followed by the oil/solvent ratio, temperature minimum. The results show that adding a small amount of zinc bromide can greatly enhance the effect of furfural refining, its basic nitrogen removal rate increases, it greatly increases the effect of furfural extraction.

Na-montmorillonite(Na-MMT) was modified by gemini quaternary ammonium salts (MD, DMB) and mono-quaternary ammonium salt (HTMAB) through the intercalation. Changes in the surfaces and microstructure were characterized using N ₂ adsorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction(XRD), and fourier transform infared spectrometer(FT-IR). The results show that the BET surface area and the basal spacings of MMT are reduced when modified by MD, DMB or HTMAB, which is contrast to the MMT when modified by the monovalent quaternary ammonium salts with long chain. The quaternary ammonium salts have intercalate into the interlamellar space of montmorillonite and the microstructure has changed. The surface properties change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. In addition, the fractal dimension(D) of organo-MMT is decreased, that is to say, the porosity distribution is more uniformity. 

ZrO ₂/SiO ₂ composite sol was prepared by hydrolysis，polycondensation，a certain period time，materials of TEOS,ZrOCl ₂·8H ₂O,ethanol,water,HCl and additive DMF. The effect of temperature, nZrOCl ₂)/n(TEOS), n(H ₂O)/n(TEOS),n(DMF)/n(TEOS) and pH on composite sol stability was explored by orthogonal test. It shows the influencing sequence is n(ZrOCl ₂)/n(TEOS)>temperature>n(DMF)/n(TEOS)>n(H ₂O)/n(TEOS)>pH. The n(ZrOCl ₂)/n(TEOS) has greatest influence on sol stability, with the increase ratio the worse sol stability. Temperature and n(DMF)/n(TEOS) impact is secondary，sol stability decreased as increasing temperature，whereas enhanced as increasing content of DMF. In the relatively small water content，n(H ₂O)/n(TEOS) is about 9～15, sol stability first increased and then decreased with increasing water. As the pH<7，sol stability increased with greater pH.

The combinational chemical agent washing experiment was carried out in order to solve the problem of low oil sand elution efficiency by using water. The affection of NaOH, Na ₂CO ₃ , combinational chemical agent and XY series agent on elution ratio of oil sand of inner Mongolia Tumidi area was studied. The optimization combinational chemical agent was selected according to the oil sand elution ratio. The experiment result shows that in the experimental condition of agent with the oil sand quality ratio is 1∶1, the constant temperature 85 ℃ and heats up for 60 min, elution ratio of NaOH and Na ₂CO ₃  combinational chemical agent is better than single lye, when XY-1 and XY-2 combustion with alkali, the optimization prescription is NaOH(1.0%)+Na ₂CO ₃ (1.0%)＋XY-1(0.15%) and NaOH(1.0%)+Na ₂CO ₃ (1.5%)＋XY-2(0.10%).

The solid base catalyst CaO was prepared and characterized by XRD technique and low temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique respectively. Transesterification of castor oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst was studied. The separate effects of reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst dosage and reaction time on methyl ester yield were investigated.Under the optimal conditions of reaction temperature 65 ℃, molar ratio of alcohol to oil 9∶1, mass fraction of catalyst 1.5% and reaction time 2.5 h, the methyl ester average yield is 92%. The product was analyzed by gas chromatographic technique and mass fraction of methyl ester is 97.6%.The products after reaction is dealt with easily and the environment is not polluted and the catalyst can be activated and reused.

The passive behavior and electrochemical characterization of the passive films formed on X80 and X70 pipeline steels in 0.5 mol/L NaHCO ₃ solution were discussed by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and capacitance measurements. It is show that X80 and X70 pipeline steels present a wide passive anodic region (-0.16~0.90 V), the passive current density (ip) of X80 and X70 steels are 6.76 μA/cm ² and 18.38 μA/cm ², respectively. EIS results indicate that the surface of the passive film formed on X80 steel is much denser and uniformer than that of X70, and the result is also show by AFM. Mott-Schottky analyses displayed that the passive films on X80 and X70 pipeline steels in 0.5 mol/L NaHCO ₃ exhibit n-type semiconductive characters in the potential region of -0.20 V to 0.80 V. Compared with the passive film of X70 steel, the donor density is much lower and the width of space charge layer is thicker for the passive film of X80 steel, so the corrosion resistance of the latter is better.